Gita Jyanti 6th Dec 2011- Divya Granth Gita Ka Daivatva (दिव्य ग्रन्थ गीता का दैवत्व ) - Vrats, Parvas & Festivals - Video Player :: Ashram.org

Gita Jyanti 6th Dec 2011- Divya Granth Gita Ka Daivatva (दिव्य ग्रन्थ गीता का दैवत्व ) - Vrats, Parvas & Festivals - Video Player :: Ashram.org

PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT

MEANING:

           The term personality is derived from the latin word persona which means mask among the greeks, actors used a mask to hide their identified on stage. This dramatic technique was later adopted by the romans to whom persona denoted as one appears to others not as one actually is.

DEFINITION:

           According to Dashiell, an individual personality is the “total picture of his organized behaviour, especially as it can be characterized by his fellowmen in consistent way.

OBJECTIVES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT:

·      The objective of this paper is to present an alternative to traditional personality measures based on chattel’s t-data.

·      An objective assessment of personality should not assess what people say they usually do. Rather what they really do must be assessed.

·      In other words using methodology where the scores are not based on the self assessment of individual nor the assessor’s need to make any interpretation of or changes to the data.

·       Likewise the assessment procedure do not provide any feedback on the performance of individuals.

·      The strategy reduces it voluntary bias and intentional response distortion which might be present in traditionally personality assessment.

IMPORTANCE OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT:

·      One of the key benefits of personality development is the overall shine that is brought about in a person’s personality after undergoing personality development.

·       Another key benefit is the c confidence and morale that automatically gets a boost and a push with good personality development.

·      To state another advantage of personality development. The opportunity to be able to form a healthy rapport of any age bracket.

·      There are several advantages aspects to having a personality development experience like the ability to hold your own, the ability to curb temperamentalism and be an outgoing and well spoken are rather well communicative individual.

·      Overall the person get a wonderful edge and a razor sharp yet approachable as well as a warm outlook to life and people.

ROLE OF AMBITION IN PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT:

·      Generally every human being as a goal it usually concern with the ideals expectations and dreams of future life. The goal itself can be love, marriage, affair, friendship, social status etc.

·      In short this kind of expectation is just to get the better future than the past sometimes, when the goals are so great human becomes ambitious. Its quite normal since it does not give negative impact to the personality.

·      In word of reality human will choose two ways; to fulfill the ambitions, the one is which do not need long time to reach the purpose whether it is good or bad.

·      They do not pay attention for social conventions, norms, morale, and ethics. They can learn the social life by the ambitious to better than before.

·      Ambition is accordance with fictional financial principle. There is a close relationship between goal and ambition would be created after having goal.

CONCLUSION:

            Thus the personality development is educative mechanism of a organization to build human behaviour.

Smoking among college students

The rates of college students smoking in the United States have fluctuated for the past twenty years. Majority of lifelong smokers begin smoking habits before the age of 24, which makes the college years a crucial time in the study of cigarette consumption. Cigarette smoking on college campuses has become an important public health issue and there has been increase in campus wide smoking bans and other preventative programs to reduce the rates of students smoking. Smoking is a practice in which a substance, most commonly tobacco or cannabis, is burned and the smoke is tasted or inhaled. This is primarily practised as a route of administration for recreational drug use, as combustion releases the active substances in drugs such as nicotine and makes them available for absorption through the lungs. It can also be done as a part of rituals, to induce trances and spiritual enlightenment. The most common method of smoking today is through cigarettes, primarily industrially manufactured but also hand-rolled from loose tobacco and rolling paper. Other smoking implements include pipes, cigars, bidis, hookahs, vaporizers and bongs. It has been suggested that smoking-related disease kills one half of all long term smokers but these diseases may also be contracted by non-smokers. A 2007 report states that about 4.9 million people worldwide each year die as a result of smoking. Smoking is one of the most common forms of recreational drug use. Tobacco smoking is today by far the most popular form of smoking and is practiced by over one billion people in the majority of all human societies. Less common drugs for smoking include cannabis and opium. Some of the substances are classified as hard narcotics, like heroin, but the use of these is very limited as they are often not commercially available. The history of smoking can be dated to as early as 5000 BC, and has been recorded in many different cultures across the world. Early smoking evolved in association with religious ceremonies; as offerings to deities, in cleansing rituals or to allow shamans and priests to alter their minds for purposes of divination or spiritual enlightenment. After the European exploration and conquest of the Americans, the practice of smoking tobacco quickly spread to the rest of the world. In regions like India and Subsaharan Africa, it merged with existing practices of smoking (mostly of cannabis). In Europe, it introduced a new type of social activity and a form of drug intake which previously had been unknown. Perception surrounding smoking has varied over time and from one place to another; holy and sinful, sophisticated and vulgar, a panacea and deadly health hazard. Only relatively recently, and primarily in industrialized Western countries, has smoking come to be viewed in a decidedly negative light. Today medical studies have proven that smoking tobacco is among the leading causes of many diseases such as lung cancer, heart attacks, COPD, erectile dysfunction and can also lead to birth defects. The inherent health hazards of smoking have caused many countries to institute high taxes on tobacco products and anti-smoking campaigns are launched every year in an attempt to curb tobacco smoking.

FIR

An FIR is a First Information Report. It is a statement of facts as best remembered by the complainant. Any person or complainant may go to a police station and ask to lodge an FIR reporting an offence that he believes to have been committed. He is required to state the facts to the best of his knowledge to the duty officer. It is important to know that all offences can be broadly divided into two categories: Cognizable Offences and Non Cognizable Offences. The former are offences where the police are bound to register a case and proceed with investigation. Once registered, the case is the sole responsibility of the police and they are required to see the case through to its natural conclusion. Non Cognizable offences are those in which the police need not register a criminal complaint. The complaint is required to seek relief in a civil court of law. Once the duty officer is certain that the offence alleged to have been committed lies in the category of cognizable offences, he shall direct the complainant to put his statement in writing. In the presence of the complainant, the duty officer shall complete all the columns in the FIR register with the information given by the complainant. He shall then read out all the contents of the FIR registered to the complainant. Once the complainant is certain that all the details have been correctly written, he should sign the FIR. It is important to know that an FIR will not be considered a valid document unless it has been stamped by the Duty Officer with the stamp of the police station along with his signature and a serial number allotted to the report. It is important for the complainant to demand a carbon copy of the FIR as lodged by him so that no alterations are possible later. Once the formalities have been completed, the duty officer assigns the case to an officer, not below the rank of a sub inspector, who then is known as the IO (Investigating Officer). Meanwhile, depending on the urgency of the matter, police personnel are deployed to the scene of the crime to assess the situation and render any assistance if required. After the complaint has been lodged, the complainant is free to leave and he cannot in any circumstance be subjected to restraint or inconvenience. The complainant shall merely report the facts as known by him. He is not required to prove his allegations in any manner at the police station. The FIR is a statement by the complainant of an alleged offence. It is the job of the police to ascertain facts, verify details and substantiate the charges or otherwise. Depending on the urgency of the matter, the IO begins his investigation through local enquiry, collection of evidence, verification of facts etc. On completion of his investigation, he shall submit a report along with his recommendations. If required, a charge sheet is filed, an arrest is made and the accused is presented in court within 24 hours of his arrest. From here, legal procedures take over and what follows depends on the discretion of the court. In short, the prosecution is expected to prove their case against the accused with all evidence and proof. Should the evidence be adequate, the accused may be sentenced to whatever punishment reccommended for the offence in that Act. Although all this sounds very simple, this whole exercise often takes up to a year or even more.

1.      Who can lodge an F.I.R ?

1) Complainant who is an aggrieved person or some body on his behalf. 2) By any person who is aware of the offence (a) as an eye witness and (b) as an hearsay account. 3) Provided the person in possession of the hearsay is required to subscribe his signautre to it and mention the source of his information so that it does not amount to irresponsible rumour. The rule of law is, if general law is broken any person has a right to complain whether he has suffered an injury or not. (a) By the accused himself. (b) By the SHO on his own knowledge or information even when a cognizable offence is committed in view of a officer incharge he can register a case himself and is not bound to take down in writing any information. Under the order of Magistrate uls 156 (3) Criminal Procedure code, when a complaint is forwarded to officer incharge without taking cognizance. If information is only hear say, then SHO should register case only if person in posses- sion of hearsay subscribes his signature to it and mentions the source of his information so that it does not amount to irresponsible rumour. The information must be definite, not vague, authentic, not baseless, gossip or rumour, clearly making out a cognizable case. 4) The information is only by a medical certificate or doctor's ruqqa about arrival of the injured, then he (SHO) should enter it in daily diary and go to hospital for recording detailed statement of injured

Format of the F.I.R.

Book No. ___________

FORM NO. 24.5 (1) FIRST INFORMATION REPORT

First Information of a Cognizable Crime Reported under Section 154, Criminal PenalCode

Police Station .................................... District .............................. No ..................

Date and hour of Occurrence .....................

1.Date and hour when reported 2.Name and residence of informer and complainant. 3.Brief description of offence (with section) and of property carried off, if any. 4.Place of occurence and distance and direction from the Police Station. 5.Name & Address of the Criminal. 6.Steps taken regarding investigation explanation of delay in regarding information. 7.Date and Time of despatch from Police Station.

Signature ....................... Designation ................................ (First information to be recorded below) NOTE:- The signature of seal or thumb impression of the informer should be at the end of the information and the signature of the Writer of (FIR) should be existed as usual. The above is the format and below is the law on the basis of which the cognizable crime is recorded F.I.R. ON AUTHENTIC INFORMATION The information given to the Police Officer for registration of a case must be authentic. It should not be gossip but should be traced to an individual who should be responsible for imparting information. It may be hearsay but the person in possession of hearsay should mention the source of information and take responsibility for it. An irresponsible rumour should not result in registration of F.I.R.

TUBAL PREGNANCY

In an ectopic pregnancy, the fertilized egg attaches someplace other than the uterus most often in the fallopian tube. This is why it is called tubal pregnancy.

If the egg keeps growing in the fallopian tube, it will burst the tube and cause heavy bleeding that could be deadly.

CAUSE: Due to damage in the fallopian tube, the fertilized egg have trouble passing through the tube and implanted in the tube itself. It is due to smoking, pelvic inflammatory disease or surgery in the fallopian tubes.

KEY SIGNS: Pelvic pain sharp on one side and vaginal bleeding.

DIAGNOSIS: A pelvic exam to check the size of the uterus.

IF THERE IS AN ECTOPIC PREGNANCY, IT IS NECESSARY TO END IT BEFORE IT CAUSES DANGEROUS PROBLEMS.

दुःख व बंधन का कारणः वासना

दुःख व बंधन का कारणः वासना

दुःख व बंधन का कारणः वासना

(पूज्य बापू जी के सत्संग-प्रवचन से)

पूज्य मोटा के मित्र संत थे योगेश्वरजी महाराज। योगेवश्वर महाराज बालकेश्वर गाँव में सेनेटोरियम (स्वास्थ्य निवास) में रहने गये थे। वे कमरे में लेटे तो उन्हें बड़ी हावभाव वाली 30-32 साल की एक सुंदर स्त्री सामने खड़ी दिखाई दी। योगेश्वर महाराज साधन-सम्पन्न थे, डरे नहीं। उन्होंने उस स्त्री से पूछाः "तुम कौन हो ?"

वह बोलीः "आप आये हो तो मैंने यह खाट कर दी है। मैं इसी खाट पर रहती थी। मुझे यह कमरा और यह खाट बड़ी प्रिय है। प्रसूति करते-करते मेरी मौत हो गयी थी। अब मैं यहीं रहती हूँ।"

योगेश्वर महाराज समझ गये की यह प्रेतात्मा है।

"तुम क्या चाहती हो, क्या करती हो ?"

"बस यहीं रहती हूँ। लोगों को बीमार करती हूँ, मुझे मजा आता है।"

"ऐसा क्यों?"

"अकेले में क्या ! कुछ न कुछ करना होता है। मैं बीमार होकर मरी तो दूसरों को बीमार करने में मुझे रस आता है। अच्छा, मैं जाती हूँ। आपको बीमार नहीं करूँगी।"

बालकेश्वर गाँव में सेनेटोरियम के उस खण्ड में जो आये थे, रहे थे, वे सभी एक-एक करके बीमार हुए थे।

लंगर लगा है तो नाव बँधी रह जायेगी

रामकृष्ण परमहंस गोपाल की माँ के घर गये थे। साथ में राखाल नाम का सेवक था। जिस कमरे में रामकृष्ण आराम कर रहे थे, राखाल ने देखा कि ठाकुर वहाँ किसी से बात कर रहे हैं। दोपहर का समय था। ठाकुर अचानक उठकर बाहर जाने लगे।

राखाल ने पूछाः "ठाकुर ! तुम अपना बिछौना लेकर बाहर क्यों जा रहे हो ?"

"यहाँ जो रहते थे, वे मेरे कारण दुःख पा रहे हैं। इस घर में प्रेत रहते हैं। वे बोलते हैं कि तुम्हारे कारण हम धूप में भटक रहे हैं।"

मैंने कहाः "मेरे कारण तुम लोग धूप में मत भटको। मैं जा रहा हूँ।"

सेवक ने कहाः "तुम्हारे जैसे संत के दर्शन करने के बाद भी भूत अपनी दुर्गति से पार नहीं होते ?"

"समय पाकर होंगे। अभी तो उन्हें इस कमरे में रहने की वासना पकड़ के बैठी है।

राखाल ! चाहे कोई भी किसी को मिल जाये लेकिन अपनी वासना जब तक जीव बदलेगा नहीं, छोड़ेगा नहीं, तब तक उसकी वास्तविक उन्नति नहीं होगी। जैसे नाव कितनी भी जोर से चलाओ लेकिन लंगर लगा है तो नाव बँधी रह जायेगी, आगे नहीं बढ़ेगी।"

कौन किससे बँधा है ?

सूफी संत जुनैद जा रहे थे अपने शागिर्दों के साथ। एकाएक रूक गये। एक गाय को घसीटकर ले जा रहा था उसका कहलाने वाला गोपाल।

जुनैद ने कहाः "देखो, यहाँ कौन किससे बँधा है ?"

मूर्ख सेवकों ने कहा कि 'गाय ग्वाले की रस्सी से बँधी है, खिंची चली जा रही है।'

ग्वाला पहचानवाला था। जुनैद ने चाकू निकाला और रस्सी काट दी। गाय पीछे भाग गयी और ग्वाला उसके पीछे भागा लेकिन गाय आगे निकल गयी। गायवाला रूष्ट होकर कहता हैः "यह तुमने क्या मजाक किया ! मेरी गाय की रस्सी काट दी, अब वह हाथ नहीं आयेगी।"

जुनैद ने अपने सेवकों को कहाः "अब कौन किससे बँधा है ? गाय खुल गयी तो गाय इसके पीछे नहीं गयी, यह गाय के पीछे गया। बताओ कौन बँधा है ?"

सेवक बोलेः "अभी पता चला कि यह बँधा है।"

ऐसे ही संसारी वस्तुओं के पीछे तुम भागते हो तो तुम बँधे हो। अपने-आपमें बैठना सीखो। अपने-आपमें प्रसन्न होकर, तृप्त हो के, अपने आत्मचैतन्य स्वभाव में स्थित होकर संसार में जियो, फिर संसार की चीजें तुम्हारे इर्दगिर्द मँडरायेगी।

कहीं अपने को ही धोखा तो नहीं दे रहे हैं ?

ससुर ने दामाद को कहा कि "मैं जा रहा हूँ विदेश। तू आर्किटेक्ट (भवन-निर्माता) है। यह ले चेकबुक। अच्छा सा मकान बना। जल्दी बनाना, मैं आऊँ तो मकान तैयार हो। सुंदर बनाना, पैसे की कमी नहीं है।"

ससुरजी जब विदेश की यात्रा से लौटे तो उसने हलका माल डालकर, हलका सीमेंट, कंक्रीट.... ये-वो करके बढ़िया रंग-रोगन से एक कोठी, एक बँगला तैयार रखा। हवाई अड्डे से ससुर जी को ले आया।

"मकान तैयार है ?"

"बिलकुल तैयार है। यह उसकी चाबी है।"

"आज नहीं, कल। जो तुम्हारी पत्नी है, मेरी बेटी है, कल उसका जन्मदिवस है। कल उस कोठी को देखने चलेंगे। मेरी बेटी को भी ले आना।"

कोठी देखी, रंग रोगन देखा, ससुर बड़ा प्रसन्न हुआ। जमाई से सब चाबियाँ लेकर बेटी की तरफ लक्ष्य करते हुए जमाई को दीं।

"यह मकान मेरी पुत्री के जन्मदिवस पर मैं तुम्हें अर्पण करता हूँ।"

जमाई पछताया कि 'अरे, जो मुझे मिलने वाली चीज थी उसमें मैंने ऐसा हलका, तुच्छ रोड़ी-सामान डाल दिया ! मैंने बेईमानी करके मेरे को ही धोखा दिया।'

हे जीव ! जो तू करता है, जो तू देता है, घूम फिर के तुझे ही मिलता है, इसलिए तू देने में, सेवा करने में, प्रेम देने में, प्रभुस्नेह करने में कंजूसी मत कर, नकली भाव मत ला। तू असली प्रीति कर।

मुझे वेद पुरान कुरान से क्या !

मुझे सत्य का पाठ पढ़ा दे कोई।

प्रभुप्रीति का पाठ पढ़ा दे कोई।

मुझे मंदिर मस्जिद जाना नहीं,

मुझे आत्म-मंदिर में पहुँचा दे कोई।।

ऐसे गुरु मिल जायें बस।

स्रोतः ऋषि प्रसाद, अगस्त 2011, पृष्ठ संख्या 18,19 अंक 224

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

· MEANING OF RESEARCH :

“A Careful investigation or inquiry Specially through search for new facts in any branch of Knowledge”.

_· RESEARCH DESIGN :

A research design is the arrangement of condition for collection and analysis of data in a manner that to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. It constitutes the blue print for the collection, measurement and the analysis of the data. Decisions regarding what, when, where, how much, by what, concerning an inquiry or a research study constitutes a research design. A research design is the arrangement of condition for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure.

Research designs needed because it facilitates the smooth sailing of the various research operations thereby making research as efficient as possible yielding maximal information with minimal expenditure of effort, time, and money.

There are many kinds of research design namely exploratory, diagnostic, descriptive, hypothesis testing etc., but in this study descriptive research design is used.

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH:

Descriptive research studies are those studies, which are concerned with describing the characteristics of a particular individual, or of a group it is also includes surveys and fact-findings enquire of different kinds. The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs, as it exists at present. The main characteristics of ex-post facto method are that researcher has no control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening.

· DATA COLLECTION METHOD:

Data collected for the study is mainly from the following two important sources such as:-

1. Primary data sources

2. Secondary data sources

Primary data sources

The primary data are those which are collected a fresh for the first time and happens to be original in character. Generally primary data collected through surreys, with well defined structured questionnaire.

Secondary Data sources

Secondary data are those which have already collected by the organization and which already have been processed. Secondary data is collected by the organization and it is used for various departments for their need. The process of secondary data collection and analysis is called desk research.

TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION:

PRIMARY TOOLS:

· Questionnaire

· Observation

· Interview

Questionnaire:

The questionnaire must be definite, concrete and pre-determined questions. The questions are presented with exactly the same wording and in the same order to all respondents. The form of the question may be either closed (i.e., of the type ‘yes’ or ‘no’) or open (i.e., inviting free response)

Observation:

The Observation method is the most commonly used method specially in studies relating to behavioual sciences. Under the observation method,the information is sought by way of investigator’s own direct observation without asking from the respondent.

Interview:

The interview method of collecting data involves presentation of oral-verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses. This method can be used through personal interviews and if possible through telephone interviews.

Ø SECONDARY TOOLS:

§ Books

§ Magazines

§ Newspapers

§ Websites

§ Journal

· SCALES USED IN QUESTIONNAIRE:

Ø DICHOTOMOUS SCALES

Ø RATING SCALES

Ø SUMMATED SCALES (OR) LIKERT SCALES

Ø MULTIPLE CHOICE

Ø OPEN ENDED

Ø CLOSED ENDED

Dichotomous scale:

When a question has two possible responses, we consider it dichotomous. Surveys often use dichotomous questions that ask for a Yes/No, True/False or Agree/Disagree response.

Rating scale:

The rating scale involves qualitative description of a limited number of aspects of a thing or of traits of a person. When we use rating scales(or categorical scales), we judge an object in absolute teams against some specified criteria i.e., we judge properties of objects without reference to other similar objects.

Summated Scales (or) likert-type Scales :

The summated scales are developed by utilizing the item analysis approaches wherein a particular item is evaluated on the basis of how well it discriminates between those persons whose total score is high and those score is low.

Multiple Choice :

Multiple choice is a form of assessment in which respondents are asked to select the best possible answer (or answers) out of the choices from a list. The multiple choice format is most frequently used in educational testing.

Open ended:

Bottom of Form

Unstructured question in which (unlike in a multiplechoice question) possible answers are not suggested, and the respondent answers it in his or her ownwords. Such questions usually begin with a how, what, when, where, and why .

Close ended:

A closed-ended question contrasts with an open-ended question, which cannot be answered with a simple "yes" or "no", or with a specific piece of information, and which give the person answering the question scope to give the information that seems to them to be appropriate. Open-ended questions are sometimes phrased as a statement which requires a response

· SAMPLING DESIGN:

The way of selecting the sample is known as the sample design. People with various categories have been clustered together. Among them stratified random sampling has been conducted

(a) POPULATION:

The population of the study consists of the employees working in Heavy Vehicles Factory Avadi, Chennai. There are 4815 employees working at this company.

(b) SAMPLING UNIT:

The employees working inside the HEAVY VEHICLES FACTORY are all said to be a sampling units. These people should be selected according to our requirement.

(C) SAMPLING METHOD:

Probability sampling:

Probability sampling is the scientific technique of drawing samples from the population according to some laws of chance in which each unit in the universe or population has some definite pre-assigned probability of being selected in the sample.

(d) SAMPLING TECHNICE:

It is a type of probability sampling where members of the population are chosen based on their relative ease of access.

· Simple random sampling:

It is the method of selection of a sample in such a way that each and every member of population or universe has an equal chance or probability of being included in the sample.

(e) SAMPLING SIZE:

The sample size refers to the no of units used to do the research. The sample size should be optimum it should neither be too small nor be too large. The sample size used in this research is 66.

PERIOD OF STUDY

The study was under taken for a 1 months during July 7, 2011 to August 6, 2011.

· MEASUREMENT OF VARIABLES:

Scales define the type categories we use in measurement and the selection of a scale has direct impact on our ability to describe relationships between variables

• the nominal scale

– simply represents qualitative difference in the variable measured

– can onlytell us thata difference exists without the possibility telling the direction or magnitude of the difference

– e.g. majors in college, race, gender, occupation

• the ordinal scale

– the categories that make up an ordinal scale form an ordered sequence

– can tell usthe direction of the difference but not the magnitude

– e.g. coffee cup sizes, socioeconomic class, T-shirt sizes, food preferences

• the interval scale

– categories on an interval scale are organized sequentially, and all categories are the same size

– we can determine the direction and the magnitude of a difference

– May have an arbitrary zero (convenient point of reference)

– e.g. temperature in Farenheit, time in seconds

• the ratio scale

– consists of equal, ordered categories anchored by a zero point that is not arbitrary but meaningful (representing absence of a variable

– allows us to determine the direction, the magnitude, and the ratio of the difference

– e.g. reaction time, number of errors on a test

· PROPOSED STATISTICAL TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS :

§ Chi-Square test

§ Analysis Of Variance

§ Run Test

§ H-Test (or) Kruskal-Wallis Test

Chi-square test

The chi-square test, is a useful measure of comparing experimentally obtained results with those expected theoretically and based on the hypothesis. It is used as a test statistic in testing a hypothesis that provides a set of theoretical frequencies with which observed frequencies are compared.

Analysis of variance(ANOVA)

The analysis of variance is a method which separates the variation ascribable to one set of causes from the variation ascribable to other set. In otherwords, analysis of variance is a method of splitting the total variation of a data into constituent parts which measures different sources of variations.

Run test

A run is a subsequence of one or more identical symbols representing a common property of the data. It is a nonparametric method to determine the randomness with which the samples items have been selected. The run test can also be used to detect departures in randomness of a sequence of quantitative measurements overtime, caused by trends or periodicities.

Kruskal – wallis test (or) H-test

This test is an alternative nonparametric test to the F-test for testing the equality of means in the one factor analysis of variance when the experimenter wishes to avoid the assumption that the samples were selected from the normal population.

H = 12/n(n+1) ∑ R²/n – 3(n+1)

Mann-Whitney (or) U-Test

It is a nonparametric method used to determine whether two independent samples have been drawn from populations with same distribution

U = n₁n₂ + n₁(n₁+1)/2 – R₁